Summaries and Sources

Chapter 2
A Taxonomy of Hacktivism

This chapter presents a taxonomy of hacktivism defined by variation in hacktivist origins (in the hacker-programmer or artist-activist worlds) and orientations (transgressive or outlaw). The dissertation coins three terms to describe the three types of hacktivism, which are defined by variations in hacktivist origins and orientations:

Political cracking consists of illegal actions like web site defacements and redirects, performed anonymously. The World’s Fantabulous Defacers is a group of mostly Pakistani political crackers who focus on the Palestinian-Israeli and Indian-Pakistani conflicts.
Performative hacktivism consists of legally nebulous actions like virtual sit-ins and web site parodies, mostly done by multinational groups of hacktivists. The Electronic Disturbance Theater is a group of American performative hacktivists who pioneered the virtual sit-in, most often staging them in solidarity with Mexican Zapatistas or in opposition to corporate globalization.
Political coding consists of political software development that involves multinational collaboration and some degree of legal jeopardy. Hacktivismo is a multinational group of political coders who have created software tools aimed at circumventing Internet censorship by authoritarian regimes.

Sources

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Site defacement
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Site defacement
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¬»ark Website

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